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KYPRIANOS T733

Manuscript: M665
Sigla:

P. Moscow Copt. 34
Inv. no. I.1.б 671
GIC no. ИГ-4772
State Catalogue Inv. 6768610

Text no. question mark icon Position of the text within the manuscript.1
Coptic Scriptorium:
Date: 401 – 500

Text position:

Ro ll. 1-28

Type of text:

Curse (magical, applied, prayer for justice)

Original title:
Original title (translated):
Conventional title: Applied curse with judicial features by Moutse against Makare and Loukie

Language:

Egyptian (Coptic)

Dialect:

Lycopolitan (L4)

Script:

Coptic

Image: http://goskatalog.ru/portal/#/collections?id=6987385

Text: Translation:


1. ⳨ ⲁⲛⲁⲕ ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲥⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛ̅ⲁⲛⲛⲁ ϯϯ ⲙ[ⲡⲓⲗⲓⲃⲉⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲓ̈ ca. ? ⲏⲣ ⲡ]ⲁ̣ⲉⲡ ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲉⲩ
2. ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϭⲏⲡⲏ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲭⲏ ϩⲁⲓ̈ⲟ ⲡ̣[ ca. ? ⲡⲓⲱⲧ ⲁⲟⲩ ⲡϣⲏ]ⲣⲉ ⲁⲟⲩ ⲡⲏⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ
3. ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲁϥ ϫⲏⲕⲁⲥ ⲉⲕⲁⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲙ[ⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ̣ ca. ?]ⲥⲧⲱⲛ ϩⲁⲣⲁⲕ
4. ⲯⲱⲧⲏⲣ ⲛ̅ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ϫⲉⲕⲁⲥ ⲉⲕⲁⲏ[ⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ca. ? ] ⲧ̣ⲕⲓⲃⲉ ⲥⲏⲛⲧⲉ
5. ⲛ̅ⲧⲁⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ ⲉⲣⲱϥ ⲛ̅ⲓ̈ⲉⲥⲟⲩⲥ [ ca. ? ⲉⲕⲁⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙⲛ] ⲙ̣ⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛ-
6. ⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ̣ [ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ca. ? ⲉ]ⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̅ⲛ̅ ⲟⲩⲥⲛⲁϥ
7. ϫⲏ ⧹ⲉ⧸ⲕⲁⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙ̅ⲛ̅ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧ[ⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ca. ? ]ⲟⲩ ⲛ̅ϭⲓϫ ⲛ̅ⲯⲱⲧⲏⲣ
8. ϯⲧⲉⲣⲕⲟ ⲛ̅ⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ⲛ̣̅ⲡⲛ̣ⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙ̅[ ca. ? ⲛⲥⲁϩϥ̅] ⲛ̣̅ⲥⲧⲉⲣⲉⲱⲙⲁ̣
9. ϫⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙ̅ⲛ̅ ⲙⲁⲕⲁ[ⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ca. ? ⲙ̅ⲡ]ⲉⲗⲁⲟⲩⲉ ⲛⲟ ⲉⲣⲁϥ
10. ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ ϯⲧⲉⲣⲕⲟ ⲛ̅ⲧⲣⲓⲁⲥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲛ[ⲉⲓ̈ ⲡⲓ̈ⲱⲧ ⲁⲟⲩ ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲁⲟⲩ ⲡⲏⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲁϥ ca. ? ⲡϫⲟⲩⲧⲉϥⲧⲉ ⲛ̅]ⲡ̣ⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ
11. ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣ̣[ⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ca. ? ⲛⲁⲅ]ⲅ̣ⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲛⲉⲛⲁⲣ-
12. ⲭⲏⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ⲏⲧⲏ ⲛⲉⲓ̈ ⲛⲉ ⲛ̣ⲟⲩ̣ⲣⲉ[ⲏⲗ ca. ? ]ⲧⲉ ⲙ̅ⲡⲉⲗⲁⲟⲩ
13. ⲙ̅ⲙⲉ ⲁⲧⲉϥⲁⲣⲭⲏ ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲁⲡⲉϥϫⲱ[ⲕ ca. ? ⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧ]ⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ
14. ϯⲧⲉⲣⲕⲟ ⲛ̅ ⲡⲉⲧⲁⲟⲩⲃⲁⲡⲧⲓⲥⲉ ⲙ[ⲙⲁϥ ca. ? ⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁ]ⲛ̣ⲓⲥ̣ϭⲉ̣ ⲙ̣̅ⲛ̣̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ
15. ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ϯⲧⲉⲣⲕⲟ̣ [ⲛ ca. ? ⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙⲛ̄ ⲙⲁⲕ]ⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ
16. ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣ[ⲉ ca. ? ⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙ]ⲛ̣ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ
17. ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ϯⲧ̣[ⲉⲣⲕⲟ ⲛ ca. ? ]ⲥ̣ⲱⲣ ϫⲉ ⲕⲁⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ
18. ⲙⲛ̅ ⲙⲁⲣⲁⲕⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟ[ⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲉ ca. ? ⲛⲥⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲛⲡⲇⲉⲩⲧⲉⲣ]ⲟ̣ⲛⲟⲙⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲓ ⲉϩⲣⲏ
19. ⲉϫⲟⲩ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ [ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ca. ? ⲉⲓ ⲉϩⲣ]ⲏ ⲉϫⲟⲩ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ
20. ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ [ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ca. ? ⲉⲓ ⲉϩⲣⲏ] ⲧ̣ⲥⲁⲩϩ ⲛ̅ϫⲱⲟⲩ
21. ⲥⲉⲙ̅ⲙⲉ ϫⲉ ⲇⲁⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡϫⲁⲉⲓⲥ ⲉ[ ca. ? ]ϩ̣ⲛ̅ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ
22. ⲡⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲏⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲉⲩⲉ ⲛⲉⲓ̈ ⲟⲩⲁ[ ca. ? ]ⲧ ⲛⲁⲉⲓ ⲉϩⲣⲏ ⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ
23. ⲏⲧⲏ ⲟⲩⲇⲉⲙⲟⲛⲓⲟⲛ ϭⲁⲉⲓⲗⲉ ⲉ[ⲣⲁⲟⲩ ca. ? ⲉϫ]ⲱⲟⲩ ϩ̣ⲛ̅ ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ
24. ϣⲁ ⲡⲛⲟ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲏⲩ ⲉⲛⲉⲕϭⲓϫ ⲕ[ ca. ? ] ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲥⲁϩϥⲉ ⲛ̅-
25. ⲡⲗⲏⲅⲏ ⲛ̅ⲑⲁⲣⲁϥ ⲙ̅ⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛ[ⲟⲥ ca. ? ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕ]ⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ
26. ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ⲉⲣⲉⲛⲥⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲥⲟⲇ[ⲟⲙⲁ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲕⲟⲙⲟⲣⲣⲁ ca. ? ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲓ]ⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ
vac.
27. + ⲡⲓⲗⲓⲃⲉⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲓ̈ ϯ̣ϯ ⲙⲁ̣ϥ ⲁⲛⲁ[ⲕ ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲥⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛ̅ⲁⲛⲛⲁ ca. ? ⲏⲣ ⲡⲁⲉⲡ ⲙⲛ ⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲉ ⲡϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲓⲥϭⲉ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲗⲟ]ⲩⲕⲓⲉ ϫⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲟⲏ
28. ⲧⲉϥϣⲉⲣⲉ ϩⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϭⲏⲡⲏ ⲡⲓⲱⲧ [ ca. ? ]

[1] ⳨ I, Moutse, the daughter of Anna, I deposit [this petition … ] avenge me against them, [2] hastily, quickly! Yea, [ … the Father and Son] and the Holy Spirit, [3] that you avenge me against [Makare, the son of Tanisce, and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter…] … below you, [4] O good saviour, that you avenge [me against Makare the son of Tanisce and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter…], O two breasts [5] which gave milk to Jesus [… avenge me against] Makare, the son of [6] Tanisce, and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, [his daughter… may a worm (?)] come forth with blood, [7] that you avenge me against Makare, the son [of Tanisce, and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter … ] … O hands of the Saviour, [8] I adjure the throne of God [… the seven] firmaments, [9] so that you avenge me against Makare, [the son of Tanisce, and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter … ] no one shall look at him, [10] ever! I adjure the Trinity, who are [the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit … the Twenty-Four] Presbyters [11] so that you avenge me against Makare, [the son of Tanisce, and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter… ] O angels and [12] archangels, who are Nouriēl […] no [13] love from his beginning to his end [… Makare, the son of Tanisce, and Loukie, the daughter of] Tanoē, his daughter! [14] I adjure the one who was baptised [ … avenge me against Makare, the son of Tanisce, and Loukie,] [15] the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter! I adjure [… avenge me against] Makare, the son of Tanisce, [16] and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter, [… avenge me against] Makare, the son of Tanisce, [17] and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter! I adjure […] … that you avenge me [18] against Makare, the son of Tanisce, and [Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter … the curses of] Deuteronomy come upon [19] them, Makare, the son of Tanisce [and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter, … come] down upon Makare, [20] the son of Tanisce, [and Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter, … come upon] the crown of their heads [21] so that they know that you are the Lord […] in the world [22] for those who have … me, […] will come down upon them, [23] and a demon will dwell [with them …] upon them, in this world [24] until the time that they come to your hands […] the seven [25] plagues that are under the throne [… Makare, the son of Tanisce, and] Loukie, the daughter of Tanoē, [26] his daughter. The curses of Sodom [and Gomorrah will … Makare, the son of Tanisce, and Loukie], the daughter of Tanoē, his daughter!

[vac]

[27] + This very petition, I deposit it, I [Moutse, the daughter of Anna … avenge me against Makare, the son of Tanisce, and Loukie], the daughter of Tanoē, [28] his daughter, hastily, O Father, […]

Tableau:
Tracing by:

Apparatus:

1. ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ | ⲉⲡ i.e. Sahidic ϩⲁⲡ
2. ⲧⲁⲭⲏ i.e. Greek ταχύ | ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ i.e. Greek πνεῦμα
3. ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲁϥ i.e. Sahidic ⲉⲧ-ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ | ϫⲏⲕⲁⲥ i.e. Sahidic ϫⲉⲕⲁⲥ | ⲉⲕⲁⲏⲣ i.e. Sahidic ⲉ⸗ⲕ-ⲉ-ⲣ̅ or ⲉ⸗ⲕ-ⲛⲁ-ⲣ̅ | ⲉⲡ i.e. Sahidic ϩⲁⲡ | ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ | ]ⲥⲧⲱⲛ : ⲟⲩⲉ]ⲥⲧⲱⲛ Jernstedt
4. ⲯⲱⲧⲏⲣ i.e. Greek σωτήρ | ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ i.e. ἀγαθός | ⲏⲣ i.e. Sahidic ⲣ̅
5. ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ | ⧹ⲉ⧸ⲕⲁⲏⲣ i.e. Sahidic ⲉ⸗ⲕ-ⲉ-ⲣ̅ or ⲉ⸗ⲕ-ⲛⲁ-ⲣ̅
6. ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ | [ⲉ]ⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̅ⲛ̅ ⲟⲩⲥⲛⲁϥ l. e.g. [ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩϥⲛ̅ⲧ ⲉ]ⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̅ⲛ̅ ⲟⲩⲥⲛⲁϥ cf. P. Lond. Copt. 1223 (M533/T69) ll. 7-8: ⲟⲩϥ̅ⲛ̅ⲧ̅ ϣⲟⲩⲟ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̅ⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲛ̅ ⲟⲩⲥⲛⲟ̅ϥ̅
7. ⲉⲕⲁⲏⲣ i.e. Sahidic ⲉ⸗ⲕ-ⲉ-ⲣ̅ or ⲉ⸗ⲕ-ⲛⲁ-ⲣ̅ | ⲉⲡ i.e. Sahidic ϩⲁⲡ | ⲯⲱⲧⲏⲣ i.e. Greek ⲡ-σωτήρ
8. ⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ i.e. Greek θρόνος | ⲥⲧⲉⲣⲉⲱⲙⲁ i.e. Greek ⲥⲧⲉⲣⲉⲱⲙⲁ
9. ⲏⲣ i.e. Sahidic i.e. Sahidic ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̅-ⲛⲁ-ⲣ̅ | ⲉⲡ i.e. Sahidic ϩⲁⲡ | ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ
10. ⲧⲣⲓⲁⲥ i.e. Greek τρίας | ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲱⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ i.e. Greek πρεσβύτερος
11. ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲏⲣ | ⲉⲡ i.e. Sahidic ϩⲁⲡ | ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ i.e. Greek ἄγγελος
11-12. ⲁⲣⲭⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ i.e. Greek ἀρχάγγελος
12. ⲏⲧⲏ i.e. Sahidic ⲉⲧⲉ
13. ⲁⲣⲭⲏ i.e. ἀρχή | ⲟⲩⲇⲉ i.e. οὐδέ | [ⲏⲣ] i.e. Sahidic ⲣ̅
14. ⲛ̅ⲡⲉⲧⲁⲟⲩ- i.e. Sahidic ⲙ̅-ⲡ-ⲉⲛⲧⲁ⸗ⲩ- | ⲃⲁⲡⲧⲓⲥⲉ i.e. Greek βαπτίζειν | [ⲏⲣ] i.e. Sahidic ⲣ̅
15. [ⲏⲣ] i.e. Sahidic ⲣ̅ | ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ
16. [ⲏⲣ] i.e. Sahidic ⲣ̅ | ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ
17. ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ | ⲕⲁⲏⲣ i.e. Sahidic ⲉ⸗ⲕ-ⲉ-ⲣ̅ or ⲉ⸗ⲕ-ⲛⲁ-ⲣ̅ | ⲉⲡ i.e. Sahidic ϩⲁⲡ
18. ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ | [ⲛⲥⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲛⲡⲇⲉⲩⲧⲉⲣ]ⲟ̣ⲛⲟⲙⲓⲟⲛ i.e. Greek Δευτερονόμιον cf. P. Mich. Inv. 3565 (M73/T611) ll. 9-10: ⲛⲥⲁϩⲟⲩ ⲡⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲙⲉ ⲡⲧⲉ̣ⲩⲧⲣⲁⲛ̣ⲟⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲁ ⲉⲣⲁⲓ ⲉϫⲉ ⲁⲗⲱ; BKU III 389 (M338/T73) l. 12: ⲡ̣ⲥ̣ⲁ̣ϩ̣[ⲟ]ⲩ̣ (?) ⲉ̣ⲧ̣̅ϩ̣̅ⲛ̣̅ ⲛ̣ⲧ̣ⲉ̣ⲩ̣ⲣ̣ⲟⲛⲟⲙ[ⲟⲥ]
20. ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ
21. ⲥⲉⲙ̅ⲙⲉ i.e. Sahidic ⲛ̅ⲥⲉ-ⲉⲓⲙⲉ | ⲇⲁⲕ i.e. Sahidic ⲛⲧⲟⲕ | ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ i.e. Greek κόσμος
22. ⲡⲣⲟⲥ i.e. Greek πρός
23. ⲇⲉⲙⲟⲛⲓⲟⲛ i.e. Greek δαιμόνιον | ⲕⲟⲥⲙⲟⲥ i.e. Greek κόσμος
25. ⲡⲗⲏⲅⲏ i.e. Greek πληγή | ⲡⲉⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ i.e. Greek θρόνος | ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ
27. ⲗⲓⲃⲉⲗⲗⲟⲥ i.e. Greek λίβελλος | ⲏⲣ i.e. Sahidic ⲣ̅ | ⲉⲡ i.e. Sahidic ϩⲁⲡ | ϫⲉ i.e. ⲧ-ϣⲉ (twice)

Notes:

Bibliography:

★ Jernstedt, P. Коптские тексты государственного музея изобразительных искусств (P. Moscow Copt) (Издательство Академии наук СССР, 1959), p. 82-83, no. 34.


Editor:

Entered by KD (18/10/2018) based on edition of Jernstedt. Translation checked by EL, added apparatus and notes (29/8/2019); team from photograph (30/6/2021)

How to cite:
Korshi Dosoo, Edward O.D. Love & Markéta Preininger (chief editors). "KYP T733: Applied curse with judicial features by Moutse against Makare and Loukie," Kyprianos Database of Ancient Ritual Texts and Objects, www.coptic-magic.phil.uni-wuerzburg.de/index.php/text/kyp-t-733. Accessed on 20/05/2024

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